In Many Courts, a Defendant Pleading Guilty Is Required to Read and Sign a _______________ Form.
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There are 2 major systems of law which are ... in the Western world such as mutual constabulary and ceremonious law. Most English-speaking countries take a common law system. The term ... law has two unlike meanings. It may refer to civil or ... police force, or to the system used by many continental European countries.
The ceremonious law system is the older of the ii. Its beginnings can be traced back to the law of the Romans. In the half dozenth..., there were ... of the Emperor Justinian to accumulate ... and to compile a Code that ... all of great Roman laws. This lawmaking ... to those parts of Europe under Roman control. In the xixth century, Napoleon established a similar..., which was later adopted to many European countries. For example, the Napoleonic Code likewise greatly ... the lawmakers of Quebec Civil Lawmaking.
THE PRACTICE OF Police
__________________________________________________________________
1. Match these bodies of law with their definitions.
1. ceremonious constabulary
ii. mutual constabulary
iii. criminal police force
a. area of the law which deals with crimes and their
punishments, including fines and/or imprisonment
(as well penal law)
b. legal system developed from Roman codified law,
established by a land for its regulation; ii) expanse of
the constabulary concerned with non-criminal matters, rights
and remedies
c. legal system which is the foundation of the legal
systems of most of the English language-speaking countries
of the globe, based on customs, usage and court
decisions (also example police force, judge-fabricated police force)
ii. Complete the text below contrasting ceremonious law, mutual constabulary and criminal law using the words in the box.
based on bound by codification custom disputes legislation non-criminal precedents provisions rulings
The term �civil law� contrasts with both �common police force� and �criminal constabulary�. In the first sense of the term, civil law refers to a body of constabulary one) ����. written legal codes derived from fundamental normative principles. Legal ii) ������. are settled by reference to this code, which has been arrived at through 3)��............ .
Judges are 4) �����.. the written law and its five) �����... .
In dissimilarity, mutual law was originally developed through 6) ������. , at a
fourth dimension earlier laws were written down. Common law is based on 7) �������
created by judicial decisions, which means that past eight) �������. are taken
into consideration when cases are decided. Information technology should exist noted that today
common law is also nine) ������.. , i.eastward. in written form.
In the 2nd sense of the term, civil law is distinguished from criminal constabulary, and refers to the body of law dealing with 10) ��������. matters, such as alienation of contract.
3. Which body of law, ceremonious police force or mutual law, is the ground of the legal arrangement in our jurisdiction?
Types of law
The give-and-take police force refers mostly to legal documents which prepare forth rules governing a detail kind of activity.
iv. Read the following short texts, which each incorporate a word used to talk about types of laws. In which kind of certificate practice you think each appeared? Match each text (1-5) with its source (a-e).
a. court ruling
b. local government document
c. paper
d. parliamentary spoken communication
e. brochure for employees
i) The new EU Working Hours Directive
is reported to be causing controversy
amongst the medical profession.
2) When a statute is plain and unambiguous,
the court must requite effect to the intention
of the legislature equally expressed, rather than
make up one's mind what should or should not be.
3) The purpose of this Ordinance is to
regulate traffic upon the Streets and Public
Places in the Town of Hanville, New
Hampshire, for the promotion of the prophylactic
and welfare of the public.
4) These workplace rubber and health
regulations are designed to prevent personal
injuries and illnesses from occurring in the
workplace.
v) Speaker, I am pleased to accept the
opportunity to present the Dog Control
Amendment Beak to the House. It is a
further milestone in coming together the changing
expectations we have about what is responsible
dog ownership.
5. Detect words in Exercise v which friction match these definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
1. rules issued by a government agency to behave out the intent of the law; authorised by a statute, and generally providing more detail on a bailiwick than the statute
two. police enacted by a boondocks, urban center or canton authorities
three. draft document before it is made into law
iv. legal device used by the European Spousal relationship to establish policies at the European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Fellow member States
5. formal written law enacted past a legislative body
6. Complete the sentences below using the words in the box.
bill directive ordinance regulations statutes
ane. The Town Quango volition conduct a public hearing regarding a proposed ���........... concerning property taxation.
ii. According to the �����. concerning working time, overtime piece of work is work which is officially ordered in excess of forty hours in a working week or in backlog of viii hours a day.
3. Early this year, the authorities introduced a new ������.. on electronic
commerce to Parliament.
4. A number of changes have been made to the federal �����. governing the seizing of computers and the gathering of electronic bear witness.
5. The European Wedlock ������ on Information Protection established legal principles aimed at protecting personal data privacy and the free flow of data.
Types of courts
Courts can exist distinguished with regard to the type of cases they hear.
7. Friction match each of the following types of court (i-9) with the explanation of what happens there (a-i).
1. appellate court (or courtroom of appeals, appeals court)
2. crown court
3. high court
4. juvenile courtroom
5. lower court (or courtroom of
first instance)
6. magistrates� court
7. moot court
eight. small-claims courtroom
9. tribunal
a. This is where a person nether the historic period
of xviii would exist tried.
b. This is the court of primary jurisdiction,
where a instance is heard for the outset time.
c. This is where small crimes are tried in
the UK.
d. This is where law students contend
hypothetical cases.
due east. This is where a example is reviewed which
has already been heard in a lower courtroom.
f. This is where cases involving a express
amount of coin are handled.
g. This is where serious criminal cases are
heard by a judge and a jury in the UK.
h. This is where a group of specially chosen
people examine legal problems of a
particular blazon, such as employment disputes.
i. This is ordinarily the highest courtroom in a
jurisdiction, the court of last resort.
Persons in court
8. Consummate this diagram with the words and definitions beneath.
 |
a. proficient witness
b. appellant
c. person who is sued in a civil lawsuit
d. officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and assisting the judge and jurors
e. person who pleads cases in court
f. hypothetical person who uses skillful judgment or common sense in treatment
1000. practical matters; such a person�s actions are the guide in determining whether an individual�s actions were reasonable
² Listening _______________________________________________________
9. Xð1.1 Listen to a lawyer telling a client nigh some of the documents involved in his example and respond these questions.
1. What claim has been filed against the client?
2. Will the case get to trial?
x. Friction match these documents with their definitions.
one. affidavit
ii. answer
3. brief
4. complaint
v. injunction
6. motion
7. observe
8. pleading
9. writ
a. a certificate informing someone that they will be
involved in a legal procedure and instructing them what they must do
b. a document or fix of documents containing the details
about a court instance
c. a document providing notification of a fact, merits or
proceeding
d. a formal written statement setting along the crusade of
activeness or the defence force in a case
due east. a written statement that somebody makes after they
accept sworn officially to tell the truth, which might be used every bit proof in court
f. an application to a court to obtain an society, ruling or
decision
g. an official order from a court for a person to cease
doing something
h. in civil police force, the get-go pleading filed on behalf of a
plaintiff, which initiates a lawsuit, setting along the
facts on which the claim is based
i. the principal pleading past the defendant in response to
a complaint
11. Xð1.1 Listen once again and tick the documents that the lawyer mentions.
one. respond £ 2. affidavit £ iii. brief £ four. complaint £ 5. injunction £
6. motility £ seven. notice £ 8. pleading £ 9. writ £
12. Match each verb used past the lawyer with its definition.
i. to draft a certificate
2. to upshot a document
3. to file a document
with an authority
4. to serve a document
on someone
5. to submit a certificate
to an authority
a. to deliver a legal document to someone, demanding that they go to a court of police force or that they obey an order
b. to produce a slice of writing or a program that you intend to change subsequently
c. to deliver a document formally for a conclusion to be made by others
d. to officially tape something, especially in a court of law
e. to produce something official
__________________________________________________________________
Family unit Law. CONTRACT LAW
Pre-reading tasks ____________________________________________________
1. Give examples from your country (different countries) of how the family
is given special legal consideration.
2. Lucifer the following English language words and expressions with their
Ukrainian equivalents:
1. welfare of children
2. loan
3. aggrieved person
iv. to be infringed
5. criminal offence
half dozen. terms
7. trademark
viii. reward for the efforts
a. ����������� ������
b. �����, ��� ������� ������
c. ���������� �� �������
d. ������� �����
e. ������
f. �������� ����
k. ���� ���������
h. �����
Reading tasks ______________________________________________________
Read the text to understand what information is of primary importance or new for yous.
Note on the text:
Tort � �����, ������� ��������������
CIVIL Constabulary
(FAMILY, CONTRACT, INTELLECTUAL Holding)
The ceremonious law covers cases related family unit, belongings, contracts and non-contractual wrongful acts suffered past i person at the hands of another ( torts ). Family police force includes the laws governing marriage, divorce and the welfare of children; the constabulary of property governs ownership, disposal of belongings on death, etc.; the law of contract regulates, for case, the sale of goods, loans, partnerships, insurance and guarantees.
Civil proceedings are started past the aggrieved person. As a private matter, they tin usually be abandoned or ended past settlement between the parties at any time. In many cases, parties to a dispute settle their differences through their lawyers before the trial stage is reached.
Family law is divided into public and individual constabulary cases. Public police force cases involve local government and other public authorities and include matters such as intendance of children. Individual constabulary cases involve divorce proceedings, etc.
Near court cases involving children concern individual disputes between parents � often after separation.
Torts include wrongs such every bit negligence, defamation, etc. If these legal rights take been infringed, a plaintiff can sue for compensation. One of the most important tort actions is that for negligence, when a person fails to alive upwards to an expected standard of care and someone is injured as a result. This can cover physical impairment or financial loss.
A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, which is enforceable by law. A valid business contract, for instance, must involve an offer to supply appurtenances or services, consideration (the price to exist paid) and credence by the purchaser. The offer may exist revoked at any time earlier acceptance only it must be communicated to the purchaser. Acceptance of an offer must mean agreement entirely with the terms of the offer, and the terms must be sufficiently detailed. In addition, the object of the contract must not be illegal; it is confronting the law for 2 people to make a deal betwixt themselves if this involves a criminal offence.
An example of a contract is the purchase of goods in a shop. If the goods purchased turn out to be shoddy, the purchaser tin sue the seller in the ceremonious courts usually for damages. Conversely, if the ownership of |goods passes to the purchaser and they are not paid for, the seller can sue for the cost of goods. Similarly, an employer is bound to pay an employer for work washed; if he or she fails to do and so, a breach of contract action can have place.
Intellectual property laws advantage the creators of original works by preventing others from copying, performing, or distributing those works without permission. They besides provide incentives for people to produce scientific and creative works that benefit society at big. Some types of intellectual property are automatically protected by law from the moment of their cosmos. Other types require a specific grant of rights from a authorities agency before they may exist protected by law. Nigh all nations accept laws protecting intellectual property. The principal types of intellectual property are patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Patent police force protects inventions that demonstrate technological progress. Copyright police force protects a variety of literary and artistic works, including paintings, sculpture, prose, poetry, plays, musical compositions, dances, photographs, motion pictures, radio and television receiver programs, sound recordings, and computer software programs. Trademark constabulary protects words and symbols that serve to place different brands of goods and services in the marketplace.
Intellectual property differs from other forms of belongings considering information technology is intangible, a product of the human imagination. Because intellectual property is intangible, many people may use it simultaneously without conflict. For example, only 1 person can drive a car at a time, only if an author publishes a volume, many people can read the piece of work at the same time. Intellectual property is also much easier to copy than it is to create. Information technology may accept many months of piece of work to write a novel or calculator program, but with a photocopy machine or a computer others could copy the work in a matter of seconds. Without intellectual property laws, information technology would be easy to indistinguishable original works and sell them for very low prices, leaving the original creators without any chance to secure economical rewards for their efforts. The legal system avoids this trouble by making it against the constabulary to reproduce diverse forms of intellectual holding without the permission of the creator.
UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS____________________________________
3. Divide the text into logical parts and supply a championship for each of them.
iv. Find in the text and decide from the context what the word could hateful, then choose the appropriate definition.
a) family law� makes it illegal for others to industry or use the
invention without permission.
b) defamation� is usually owned past the creator of the work- the
writer, painter or musician- simply like other property,
it might be passed to someone else.
c) breach of contract� is a wrongdoing for which a private denizen
(or company) is sued by another private person.
d) damages� is the aggrieved party that starts criminal
proceedings.
eastward) copyright� money paid by 1 party of a legal action
(usually civil) to compensate the other political party for loss
or injury.
f) tort� deals with the family as a special institution,
marriage, the process of divorce, custody of
and responsibleness for children.
k) patent� is a tort of saying or writing something which is
untrue and which harms another person�southward
good name.
h) negligence� it is called so if one party fails to fulfill his
obligations nether the agreement.
i) plaintiff� is a tort consisting of the breach of a duty of care
resulting in damage tothe plaintiff, abandon.
5. PREPOSITIONS. Cull the right preposition in brackets according
to the contents of the sentences ( without, later, of, from, for, by).
1. Literature, computer programs, creative works cannot exist patented, but they
can exist protected ... copyright.
2. In most countries, such work is automatically protected when it is created;
there is no need to utilise ... or to register copyright.
3. In recent years it has been difficult for intellectual property constabulary to prevent new original works ... copying and to keep footstep with technological change.
4. The Laws of intellectual property usually require anyone wanting to copy something to enquire permission from the holder... the patent or copyright.
5. In Great britain, ... instance, the 1988 Copyright and Patents Act covers a work of music, drama, reckoner software, ... l years after the author�southward death.
6. In addition to fiscal loss a plaintiff sometimes tries to sue ... mental distress acquired past the alienation of contract.
7. Almost legal systems let a certain amount of copying even ... asking permission.
8. In society to prevent a new scientific discovery ... being copied, it is necessary to apply ... a patent.
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- Neuromuscular synapse includes a process of a nerve cell. What process is information technology? What type of neurocyte does that process vest to?
- The twenty-four hour period after this rather gloomy birthday tea, their letters and booklists arrived from Hogwarts. Harry�s included a surprise: he had been made Quidditch Captain.
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